Before genetic engineering, how was insulin obtained?

Insulin was primarily obtained from pigs and cows before the advent of genetic engineering. In the past, animal pancreases, particularly from these animals, were the source of insulin for human use. This method involved extracting insulin directly from the pancreas, where it is produced in significant quantities. Since pig insulin is structurally very similar to human insulin, it was a viable option for treating diabetes. However, the use of animal-derived insulin had challenges such as potential allergic reactions and variations in potency, which led to limitations in its effectiveness and safety in some patients.

With advancements in biotechnology, the development of recombinant DNA technology allowed for the production of human insulin in laboratory settings, significantly improving diabetes treatment by making it more accessible and reducing the risk of allergic reactions associated with animal-derived insulin. This shift highlights the importance of genetic engineering in providing a safer and more effective option for insulin therapy.