What is speciation?

Speciation is defined as the process by which populations of the same species become so different that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring, ultimately leading to the emergence of new species. This process can occur through various mechanisms, including geographic isolation, genetic divergence, and natural selection, among others. As populations adapt to different environmental pressures or become separated from one another, they accumulate genetic differences over time, which can result in reproductive barriers.

Understanding speciation is crucial as it explains the richness of biodiversity we see today, highlighting how life evolves and adapts in response to changing conditions. The other concepts mentioned, such as extinction and migration, are related to biological processes but do not capture the specific mechanism of how new species arise from existing populations. Therefore, the key aspect of speciation is the divergence and formation of distinct species, making this definition the most accurate representation of what speciation entails.