What is the role of ATP and NADH in the light-independent stage?

In the light-independent stage of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADH play crucial roles in the synthesis of glucose. Specifically, ATP provides the energy necessary for the conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose, while NADH acts as a reducing agent, supplying the electrons needed to convert 3-phosphoglycerate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, a precursor to glucose. Together, they facilitate the biochemical reactions that ultimately produce carbohydrates for the plant, enabling it to store energy derived from sunlight indirectly through the energy-rich glucose molecule. This process is essential for the plant's metabolism and growth, as it allows the use of energy harvested from photosynthesis to create organic compounds.