Why do scientists use plasmid vectors in genetic engineering?

Scientists utilize plasmid vectors in genetic engineering because they serve as carriers to deliver the gene of interest into host cells. Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA that can replicate independently within a cell. When researchers want to introduce a specific gene into a host organism, they often insert this gene into a plasmid vector. Once the plasmid, carrying the gene of interest, is introduced into the host cell, the cell can then express the protein encoded by the gene.

The process begins with the isolation of a plasmid from a source organism, followed by the insertion of the desired gene into the plasmid. This genetically engineered plasmid can then be introduced into bacterial cells (or other cells, depending on the application) through methods such as transformation. Once inside, the plasmid operates within the host cells, allowing for the production of the associated protein or the expression of other traits imparted by the gene.

This mechanism is fundamental to many applications in biotechnology, including the production of insulin, growth hormones, and other therapeutic proteins, as well as in research to study gene functions and interactions within various cellular contexts.